Ozimitsa moto amagwiritsa ntchito thovu lopanga filimu (AFFF) lamadzi kuti lithandize kuzimitsa moto wovuta kulimbana nawo, makamaka moto womwe umagwiritsa ntchito mafuta kapena zakumwa zina zoyaka moto zomwe zimadziwika kuti moto wa Class B. Komabe, si thovu lonse lozimitsa moto lomwe limayikidwa m'gulu la AFFF.

Ma formula ena a AFFF ali ndi gulu la mankhwala otchedwamankhwala a perfluorochemicals (PFCs)ndipo izi zadzetsa nkhawa yokhudza kuthekera kwakuipitsidwa kwa madzi apansi panthakamagwero ochokera ku kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a AFFF omwe ali ndi PFCs.

Mu Meyi 2000, bungwe laKampani ya 3Minati sipanganso PFOS (perfluorooctanesulphonate) -flurosurfactants pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya electrochemical flouorination. Izi zisanachitike, ma PFC omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu thovu lozimitsa moto anali PFOS ndi zotumphukira zake.

AFFF imazimitsa moto wamafuta mwachangu, koma imakhala ndi PFAS, yomwe imayimira zinthu za per- ndi polyfluoroalkyl. Kuipitsa kwina kwa PFAS kumachokera ku kugwiritsa ntchito thovu lozimitsa moto. (Chithunzi/Joint Base San Antonio)

NKHANI ZOFUNIKIRANA

Poganizira za 'zatsopano' za zida zozimitsira moto

Mtsinje woopsa wa 'thovu lobisika' pafupi ndi Detroit unali wa PFAS - koma kodi unachokera kuti?

Thovu loyatsira moto lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzitsa ku Conn. lingayambitse mavuto aakulu pa thanzi komanso chilengedwe.

M'zaka zingapo zapitazi, makampani opanga thovu lozimitsa moto asiya kugwiritsa ntchito PFOS ndi zinthu zina zochokera kuzinthuzi chifukwa cha kukakamizidwa ndi malamulo. Opanga amenewo apanga ndikubweretsa ku msika thovu lozimitsa moto lomwe siligwiritsa ntchito fluorochemicals, kutanthauza kuti, lopanda fluorine.

Opanga thovu lopanda fluorine akuti thovu limeneli silikhudza kwambiri chilengedwe ndipo limakwaniritsa zilolezo zapadziko lonse lapansi pazofunikira pa kuzimitsa moto komanso zomwe ogwiritsa ntchito amayembekezera. Komabe, pakupitilizabe kukhala ndi nkhawa pazachilengedwe pankhani ya thovu lozimitsa moto ndipo kafukufuku pankhaniyi akupitilira.

Kodi mukuda nkhawa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo?

Nkhaniyi ikuyang'ana kwambiri za zotsatira zoyipa zomwe zingachitike pa chilengedwe chifukwa cha kutulutsa kwa thovu (kuphatikiza madzi ndi thovu losungunuka). Mavuto akuluakulu ndi poizoni, kuwonongeka kwa zinthu, kupirira, kuchiritsidwa m'malo oyeretsera madzi otayira komanso kuchuluka kwa michere m'nthaka. Zonsezi zimadetsa nkhawa pamene thovu limafika.njira zamadzi zachilengedwe kapena zapakhomo.

Pamene AFFF yokhala ndi PFC imagwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza pamalo amodzi kwa nthawi yayitali, ma PFC amatha kusuntha kuchokera ku thovu kupita ku dothi kenako kulowa m'madzi apansi panthaka. Kuchuluka kwa ma PFC omwe amalowa m'madzi apansi panthaka kumadalira mtundu ndi kuchuluka kwa AFFF yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito, komwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito, mtundu wa nthaka ndi zina.

Ngati zitsime zachinsinsi kapena za anthu onse zili pafupi, zitha kukhudzidwa ndi ma PFC ochokera kumalo komwe AFFF idagwiritsidwa ntchito. Nayi zomwe Dipatimenti ya Zaumoyo ya ku Minnesota idasindikiza; ndi imodzi mwa mayiko angapokuyezetsa kuipitsidwa.

"Mu 2008-2011, bungwe la Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) linayesa nthaka, madzi pamwamba, madzi apansi panthaka, ndi zinyalala m'malo 13 a AFFF komanso pafupi ndi boma. Anapeza kuchuluka kwa PFC m'malo ena, koma nthawi zambiri kuipitsidwa sikunakhudze malo akuluakulu kapena kuyika pachiwopsezo kwa anthu kapena chilengedwe. Malo atatu - Duluth Air National Guard Base, Bemidji Airport, ndi Western Area Fire Training Academy - adapezeka komwe PFCs idafalikira kwambiri kotero kuti Dipatimenti ya Zaumoyo ya Minnesota ndi MPCA adaganiza zoyesa zitsime zapafupi.

"Izi zitha kuchitika pafupi ndi malo omwe AFFF yokhala ndi PFC yagwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza, monga malo ophunzitsira ozimitsa moto, ma eyapoti, mafakitale oyeretsera mafuta, ndi mafakitale opanga mankhwala. Sizichitika kawirikawiri chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito AFFF kamodzi kokha polimbana ndi moto, pokhapokha ngati AFFF yambiri ikugwiritsidwa ntchito. Ngakhale kuti zozimitsira moto zina zonyamulika zingagwiritse ntchito AFFF yokhala ndi PFC, kugwiritsa ntchito kamodzi kokha kochepa sikungakhale koopsa kwa madzi apansi panthaka."

KUTULUTSA THOVU

Kutulutsa thovu/madzi kungakhale chifukwa cha chimodzi kapena zingapo mwa izi:

• Kuzimitsa moto ndi manja kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta ophikira;
• Zochita zophunzitsira komwe thovu likugwiritsidwa ntchito m'zochitika;
• Mayeso a zida za thovu ndi magalimoto; kapena
• Kutulutsidwa kwa makina okhazikika.

Malo omwe chimodzi mwa zochitikazi chingachitike kwambiri ndi monga malo ochitira ndege ndi malo ophunzitsira ozimitsa moto. Malo apadera owopsa, monga malo osungiramo zinthu zoyaka/zoopsa, malo osungiramo zinthu zamadzimadzi zoyaka kwambiri komanso malo osungira zinyalala zoopsa, nawonso ali pamndandandawu.

Ndikofunikira kwambiri kusonkhanitsa thovu mutagwiritsa ntchito pozimitsa moto. Kupatula gawo la thovu lokha, thovulo mwina ladetsedwa ndi mafuta kapena mafuta omwe amabwera chifukwa cha motowo. Chochitika chowopsa chachitika nthawi zonse.

Njira zodzitetezera pamanja zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pothira madzi oopsa ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zinthu ndi antchito alola. Izi zikuphatikizapo kutseka ngalande zamkuntho kuti madzi oipitsidwa ndi thovu/madzi asalowe m'madzi otayidwa kapena m'malo ozungulira osayang'aniridwa.

Njira zodzitetezera monga kuponya madamu, kukumba ndi kupotoza ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti thovu/madzi atulutsidwe pamalo oyenera kusungidwa mpaka atachotsedwa ndi kontrakitala woyeretsa zinthu zoopsa.

KUPHUNZITSA NDI THOVU

Pali thovu lophunzitsira lopangidwa mwapadera lomwe limapezeka kuchokera kwa opanga thovu ambiri omwe amafanana ndi AFFF panthawi yophunzitsira amoyo, koma alibe ufa wothira zinthu monga PFC. Thovu lophunzitsirali nthawi zambiri limatha kuwonongeka ndipo silikhudza chilengedwe; lingathenso kutumizidwa mosamala ku fakitale yoyeretsera madzi akuda yapafupi kuti likonzedwe.

Kusowa kwa ufa wa flourosurfactants mu thovu lophunzitsira kumatanthauza kuti thovu limenelo silingathe kupirira kutentha ndi kubwerera m'mbuyo. Mwachitsanzo, thovu lophunzitsira limapereka chotchinga choyamba cha nthunzi mu moto wamadzimadzi woyaka womwe umapangitsa kuti uzimitsidwe, koma bulangeti la thovulo lidzasweka mwachangu.

Zimenezo ndi zabwino malinga ndi maganizo a mphunzitsi chifukwa zikutanthauza kuti mutha kuchita maphunziro ambiri chifukwa inu ndi ophunzira anu simukuyembekezera kuti choyeserera chophunzitsira chikhale chokonzekanso.

Maphunziro, makamaka omwe amagwiritsa ntchito thovu lenileni lomalizidwa, ayenera kuphatikizapo zinthu zosonkhanitsira thovu lotha ntchito. Osachepera, malo ophunzitsira ozimitsa moto ayenera kukhala ndi mphamvu zosonkhanitsira thovu lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzitsa kutulutsa madzi otayira ku malo oyeretsera madzi akuda.

Asanatulutse madzi otayidwa, malo oyeretsera madzi otayidwa ayenera kudziwitsidwa ndipo dipatimenti yozimitsa moto ipereke chilolezo choti wothandizirayo amasulidwe pamtengo wokhazikika.

Ndithudi chitukuko cha machitidwe oyambitsa thovu la Class A (ndipo mwina chemistry ya wothandizira) chidzapitirirabe kupita patsogolo monga momwe chakhalira m'zaka khumi zapitazi. Koma ponena za ma concentrate a thovu la Class B, khama lopanga chemistry ya wothandizira likuoneka kuti layimitsidwa pakapita nthawi chifukwa chodalira ukadaulo womwe ulipo kale.

Kuyambira pomwe malamulo okhudza chilengedwe adakhazikitsidwa m'zaka khumi zapitazi kapena kuposerapo pa AFFFs zopangidwa ndi fluorine, opanga thovu lozimitsa moto adatenga nkhaniyi mozama. Zina mwa zinthu zopanda fluorinezi ndi za m'badwo woyamba ndipo zina ndi za m'badwo wachiwiri kapena wachitatu.

Apitilizabe kusintha mu chemistry yamagetsi komanso magwiridwe antchito ozimitsa moto ndi cholinga chopeza magwiridwe antchito apamwamba pa zakumwa zoyaka moto ndi zoyaka, kulimba kwamphamvu kwa chitetezo cha ozimitsa moto komanso kupereka zaka zambiri zosungiramo thovu lochokera ku mapuloteni.