Ozimitsa moto amagwiritsa ntchito thovu lamadzi lopanga mafilimu (AFFF) kuthandiza kuzimitsa moto wovuta kuzimitsa, makamaka moto womwe umaphatikizapo mafuta amafuta kapena zakumwa zina zoyaka moto ‚ zomwe zimadziwika kuti Class B moto.Komabe, sizinthu zonse zozimitsa moto zomwe zimatchedwa AFFF.

Mapangidwe ena a AFFF ali ndi gulu la mankhwala omwe amadziwika kutiperfluorochemicals (PFCs)ndipo izi zadzetsa nkhawa za kuthekera kwakuipitsidwa kwa madzi apansimagwero ogwiritsira ntchito othandizira a AFFF omwe ali ndi ma PFC.

Mu May 2000, a3M Companyidati sizipanganso PFOS (perfluorooctanesulphonate)-based flurosurfactants pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya electrochemical flouorination.Izi zisanachitike, ma PFC omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pozimitsa moto anali PFOS ndi zotuluka zake.

AFFF imazimitsa moto wamafuta mwachangu, koma imakhala ndi PFAS, yomwe imayimira per- ndi polyfluoroalkyl zinthu.Kuipitsa kwina kwa PFAS kumabwera chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito thovu lozimitsa moto.(Chithunzi/Joint Base San Antonio)

NKHANI ZOKHUDZANA NAZO

Poganizira za 'zatsopano' za zida zozimitsa moto

Mtsinje wapoizoni wa 'thovu lachinsinsi' pafupi ndi Detroit unali PFAS - koma kuchokera kuti?

Chithovu chamoto chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzitsa ku Conn. chikhoza kubweretsa zoopsa za thanzi, zachilengedwe

M'zaka zingapo zapitazi, makampani opanga thovu ozimitsa moto achoka ku PFOS ndi zotuluka zake chifukwa chakukakamizidwa ndi malamulo.Opanga amenewo apanga ndikubweretsa kumsika zithovu zozimitsa moto zomwe sizigwiritsa ntchito fluorochemicals, ndiko kuti, zopanda fluorine.

Opanga thovu lopanda fulorini amati zithovuzi sizikhudza chilengedwe ndipo zimakwaniritsa zovomerezeka zapadziko lonse lapansi pazofunikira zozimitsa moto komanso ziyembekezo za ogwiritsa ntchito kumapeto.Ngakhale zili choncho, pakupitirizabe kukhala ndi nkhawa zachilengedwe zokhudzana ndi zithovu zozimitsa moto ndipo kafukufuku pa nkhaniyi akupitirizabe.

NDANI NDI NTCHITO YA AFFF?

Zodetsa nkhawa zimakhala pazovuta zomwe zingawononge chilengedwe chifukwa cha kutulutsa kwa thovu (kuphatikiza madzi ndi chithovu chokhazikika).Nkhani zazikuluzikulu ndi kawopsedwe, kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, kulimbikira, kusamalidwa bwino m'mafakitale otsuka madzi oyipa komanso kuthira mchere munthaka.Zonsezi zimakhala zodetsa nkhawa pamene mayankho a thovu afikamachitidwe amadzi achilengedwe kapena apanyumba.

PFC yokhala ndi AFFF ikagwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza pamalo amodzi kwa nthawi yayitali, ma PFC amatha kuchoka ku thovu kupita kunthaka kenako kulowa pansi.Kuchuluka kwa ma PFC omwe amalowa m'madzi apansi kumadalira mtundu ndi kuchuluka kwa AFFF yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito, komwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito, mtundu wa nthaka ndi zina.

Ngati zitsime zachinsinsi kapena zaboma zili pafupi, zitha kukhudzidwa ndi ma PFC kuchokera komwe AFFF idagwiritsidwa ntchito.Pano pali kuyang'ana pa zomwe Dipatimenti ya Zaumoyo ku Minnesota inasindikiza;ndi amodzi mwa mayiko angapokuyesa kuipitsidwa.

"Mu 2008-2011, bungwe la Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) linayesa nthaka, madzi apansi, madzi apansi, ndi matope pafupi ndi malo 13 a AFFF kuzungulira dzikolo.Adazindikira kuchuluka kwa ma PFC pamasamba ena, koma nthawi zambiri kuipitsidwa sikunakhudze malo akulu kapena kuyika chiwopsezo kwa anthu kapena chilengedwe.Masamba atatu - Duluth Air National Guard Base, Bemidji Airport, ndi Western Area Fire Training Academy - adadziwika komwe PFCs idafalikira kwambiri kotero kuti Dipatimenti ya Zaumoyo ku Minnesota ndi MPCA idaganiza zoyesa zitsime zokhala pafupi.

"Izi zitha kuchitika pafupi ndi malo omwe PFC yokhala ndi AFFF yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza, monga malo ophunzitsira moto, ma eyapoti, malo oyeretsera, ndi malo opangira mankhwala.Sizingatheke kuti zichitike kuchokera ku kugwiritsidwa ntchito kamodzi kwa AFFF kulimbana ndi moto, pokhapokha ngati mavoti akuluakulu a AFFF amagwiritsidwa ntchito.Ngakhale zozimitsira moto zina zitha kugwiritsa ntchito PFC yokhala ndi AFFF, nthawi ina kugwiritsa ntchito pang'ono chotere sikungakhale koopsa kumadzi apansi panthaka. ”

CHITHWERE AMATHA

Kutulutsa kwa thovu/madzi kutha kukhala chifukwa cha chimodzi kapena zingapo mwa izi:

• Kuzimitsa moto pamanja kapena ntchito zophimba mafuta;
• Zochita zolimbitsa thupi pomwe thovu likugwiritsidwa ntchito muzochitika;
• Dongosolo la zida za thovu ndi mayeso agalimoto;kapena
• Kutulutsidwa kwadongosolo kokhazikika.

Malo omwe chimodzi kapena zingapo mwa izi zitha kuchitika ndi monga malo opangira ndege komanso malo ophunzitsira ozimitsa moto.Malo osungiramo zoopsa zapadera, monga zosungiramo zinthu zoyaka moto/zowopsa, malo osungiramo zinthu zamadzi zambiri zoyaka moto ndi zinyalala zowopsa, amalembanso mndandandawo.

Ndi zofunika kwambiri kusonkhanitsa thovu njira pambuyo ntchito ntchito kuzimitsa moto.Kupatula gawo la thovu lokha, chithovucho chimakhala choipitsidwa ndi mafuta kapena mafuta omwe amawotchedwa pamoto.Chochitika chokhazikika cha zida zowopsa tsopano chayamba.

Njira zosungira pamanja zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito potaya madzi owopsa ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mikhalidwe ndi ogwira ntchito zilola.Izi zikuphatikiza kutsekereza ngalande zamphepo kuti chithovu/madzi oipitsidwa asalowe m'madzi otayira kapena chilengedwe osayang'aniridwa.

Njira zodzitchinjiriza monga kugwetsa madamu, kuponya pansi ndi kupatutsa ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti apeze yankho la thovu/madzi kupita kumalo oyenera kusungirako mpaka litachotsedwa ndi kontrakitala woyeretsa zinthu zowopsa.

MAPHUNZIRO NDI thovu

Pali ma thovu ophunzitsira opangidwa mwapadera omwe amapezeka kuchokera kwa opanga thovu ambiri omwe amatsanzira AFFF panthawi yophunzitsira, koma alibe ufa ngati PFC.Zithovu zophunzitsirazi nthawi zambiri zimatha kuwonongeka ndipo sizikhudza chilengedwe;Atha kutumizidwanso bwino kumalo osungira madzi onyansa komweko kuti akakonze.

Kusapezeka kwa ma flourosurfactants pophunzitsa thovu kumatanthauza kuti zithovuzo zimakhala ndi kutsika kocheperako.Mwachitsanzo, chithovu chophunzitsira chidzapereka chotchinga choyambirira cha nthunzi mumoto wazamadzimadzi woyaka zomwe zimapangitsa kuzimitsidwa, koma bulangeti la thovulo limasweka mwachangu.

Izi ndi zabwino kwa mphunzitsi chifukwa zikutanthauza kuti mutha kuchita zambiri zophunzitsira chifukwa inu ndi ophunzira anu simukudikirira kuti woyeserera ayambenso kuwotcha.

Zochita zolimbitsa thupi, makamaka zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito thovu lomalizidwa, ziyenera kukhala ndi zinthu zotengera thovu lomwe lagwiritsidwa ntchito.Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, malo ophunzitsira moto ayenera kukhala ndi luso lotolera chithovu chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzitsa zochitika zothamangitsira kumalo osungira madzi oipa.

Asanatuluke, malo opangira madzi otayira ayenera kudziwitsidwa ndipo chilolezo chiperekedwe kwa dipatimenti yamoto kuti wothandizirayo amasulidwe pamtengo wovomerezeka.

Zachidziwikire kuti zomwe zikuchitika m'machitidwe opangira thovu la Gulu A (ndipo mwina chemistry ya wothandizira) zipitilira kupita patsogolo monga momwe zakhalira zaka khumi zapitazi.Koma ponena za chithovu cha Gulu B, zoyesayesa za chitukuko cha chemistry zikuwoneka kuti zayimitsidwa pakapita nthawi kudalira matekinoloje omwe alipo.

Kungoyambira pomwe kukhazikitsidwa kwa malamulo azachilengedwe mzaka khumi zapitazi kapena kupitilira apo pa ma AFFF opangidwa ndi fluorine pomwe opanga thovu ozimitsa moto adatengera zovuta zachitukuko.Zina mwazinthu zopanda fluorine ndi za m'badwo woyamba ndipo zina zachiwiri kapena zachitatu.

Adzapitirizabe kusinthika muzitsulo zonse za chemistry ndi ntchito zozimitsa moto ndi cholinga chokwaniritsa ntchito yapamwamba pa zakumwa zoyaka ndi zoyaka, kupititsa patsogolo kutentha kwa moto kwa chitetezo cha ozimitsa moto ndikupereka zaka zambiri zowonjezera za alumali pazithovu zochokera ku mapuloteni.